In 2009, in reply to a Minor Interpellation in the Bundestag (Lower House of Parliament) entitled “Investigation of serious violations of international humanitarian law in the recent Gaza war”, Germany’s Federal Government wrote: 14. In the case concerning the events at La Tablada in Argentina before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 1997, the petitioners held that the military attack to retake the barracks was a “legal violation of all current legislation on this subject” and especially mentioned that the military had used white phosphorus or incendiary bombs. IDF forces fighting in Gaza were instructed to act accordingly. 0473. Practice\The Protection of Civilians and Civilian Objects from the Effects of Incendiary Weapons, Prohibition of Certain Types of Landmines, X. Under international law, weapons that cannot be directed at a military objective or are “of a nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction” are by definition indiscriminate, and attacks on civilian persons or objects are a war crime. In a resolution adopted in 1984 on the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. As a consequence, the IDF is in the process of establishing permanent restrictions on the use of munitions containing white phosphorus in urban areas. The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. Those aren’t white phosphorus artillery rounds. - munitions which may have incidental incendiary effects (for example illuminant, tracer, smoke-producing or signalling systems); - munitions designed to combine penetration, blast or fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect (for example armour-piercing projectiles, fragmentation shells, explosive bombs and similar combined-effects munitions). Syrian Arab Republic, Statement at the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. The provisions to which the aforesaid reservation refers prohibit, with one exception, the use of incendiary weapons against military objectives located within concentrations of civilians. International Law Applicable to the use of Incendiary Weapons, 411. Accordingly, although Israel is not a party to CCW Protocol III, it is clear that the use of munitions containing white phosphorous as a smokescreen is not regulated nor prohibited by it. They were dropped in containers of different sizes. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. A/CONF.95/PREP.CONF/II/ SR.23, 6 April 1979, p. 2. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Protocol between the Kingdom of Spain and the United States of America. These weapons as presently existing are not held to contravene international law if used in accepted fashion and not indiscriminately against humans or against inanimate targets so as to involve innocent civilians as little as possible. a fine, lenient imprisonment or up to 12 years’ imprisonment]. United States, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), News Transcript, News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Gen. Peter Pace, 29 November 2005. On March 9, 1945, it created an inferno that killed over 87,500 people in Tokyo--more than died in the atomic explosions at Hiroshima or Nagasaki. It is a legally defined concept. The United States has represented that the reservation is intended to only address the highly specific circumstances such as where the use of incendiary weapons is a necessary and proportionate means of destroying counter-proliferation targets, such as biological weapon facilities requiring high heat to eliminate biotoxins, and where the use of incendiary weapons would provide greater protection for the civilian population than the use of other types of weapons. European Community, Statement by Denmark on behalf of the European Community at the 7th Extraordinary Session of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. In early days Zeppelin flew too high and was pretty safe. Press J to jump to the feed. At the First Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 1995, Australia stated: “The restrictions laid down in the Convention regarding the use of incendiary devices … were strong and clear.”. A/CONF.95/PREP.CONF./L.15, 5 April 1979. In 2010, in its objection to the reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the United Kingdom stated: [T]his reservation [in which the United States of America reserves the right to use incendiary weapons against military objectives located in concentrations of civilians where it is judged that such use would cause fewer casualties and/or less collateral damage than alternative weapons, but in so doing will take all feasible precautions with a view to limiting the incendiary effects to the military objective and to avoiding, and in any event to minimizing, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects] appears to be contrary to the object and purpose of the [1980] Protocol [III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons] insofar as the object and purpose of the Protocol is to prohibit/restrict the use of incendiary weapons per se. Hence a direct use against civilians would be unlawful and an indiscriminate attack which does not distinguish between legitimate objectives and civilians, or an attack against a military objective which must be expected to cause loss of civilian life that is out of proportion to the concrete and direct advantage are all prohibited. Found inside – Page 60Certainly a .50-cal bullet packed with high explosive detonating inside a confined space ... where infraction is used to convict the losers of war crimes. The use of prohibited incendiary weapons in violation of international agreements is a much more serious war crime than the abuse of civilians by troops and bombardments by “ordinary” bombs or shells. Accordingly, the Government of the French Republic considers this reservation to be contrary to the object and purpose of the Protocol since, despite the assurances given by the United States of America, it cannot guarantee the protection of civilians, which is the. Depleted Uranium is a hazardous, chemically toxic and radioactive by-product of uranium enrichment. Upon accession to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Israel stated: With reference to the scope of application defined in article 1 of the Convention, the Government of the State of Israel will apply the provisions of the Convention and those annexed Protocols to which Israel has agreed [I, II and III] to become bound to all armed conflicts involving regular forces of States referred to in article 2 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, as well as to all armed conflicts referred to in article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. At the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 1978, Indonesia submitted a draft proposal, which developed the proposal it had submitted during the CDDH. 4.33 Specific rules prohibit the use of incendiary weapons: • in all circumstances to attack the civilian population, individual citizens or civilian objects with incendiary weapons; • in all circumstances to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons; • to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of an attack by other than air delivered incendiary weapons, except where the military objective is clearly separated from the civilians and all feasible precautions are taken to minimise incidental loss of civilian life and damage to civilian objects (separation in this context can mean a barrier (such as an air raid shelter or a hill) or distance). In this connection, protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons cited by petitioners, was not ratified by Argentina until 1995. After 1850, a number of states developed explosive or incendiary rifle ammunition to be used against material targets, such as ammunition wagons, and for range finding in mountainous areas. Examples of incendiary weapons include napalm, flame-throwers, shells, rockets, grenades, mines, bombs and other containers of incendiary materials. The Russian military knows that the use of incendiary weapons is severely limited by international agreements. The potential of fire to spread beyond the immediate target area has also raised concerns about uncontrollable or indiscriminate effects affecting the civilian population or civilian objects. The manual further states: “Attacks on forests or other types of plant cover with incendiary weapons are prohibited, unless such natural elements are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military objectives, or are themselves military objectives.”. CCW/CONF.I/SR 3, 2 October 1995, § 25. It’s a pretty tough weapon. Argentina’s Law of War Manual (1989) reproduces the content of Article 1(1), (2) and (3) and Article 2 of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. Israel’s Manual on the Rules of Warfare (2006) states: The Manual on the Rules of Warfare (2006) is a second edition of the Manual on the Laws of War (1998). These treaties establish two categories of weapons, to wit[:], - Weapons of which the use is totally prohibited; and. United Kingdom, Statement at the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. In a resolution adopted in 1976 on incendiary and other specific conventional weapons which may be the subject of prohibitions or restrictions of use for humanitarian reasons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. One is to mark a location for strike by an aircraft, for example. Norway, Draft protocol relative to the prohibition of the use of incendiary weapons submitted to the Ad Hoc Committee on Conventional Weapons established by the CDDH. In the first place, the general rules on protecting the civilian population apply to incendiary weapons. The British Royal Flying Corps forbade the use of incendiary ammunition for air-to-air combat with another airplane, as their use against personnel was at first considered to be a violation of the St. Petersburg Declaration. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. In a resolution adopted in 1988 on the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. ... and there were at least one ammunition depot and several military hospitals. As regards napalm and flame-throwers, the manual repeats the same provision and quotes Article 1 of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. Attacking Doctors in Conflict Zones Is a War Crime. A War Crime Within a War Crime Within a War Crime. 1995/89, 8 March 1995, § 5, voting record: 44-0-7. There is also a new "Signal Flare" ammunition (though it might be a different name for the Incendiary round). In a resolution adopted in 1995, the UN Commission on Human Rights condemned “the use of … napalm bombs against civilian targets by Bosnian and Croatian Serb forces”. 38/66, 15 December 1983, § 3, adopted without a vote. White phosphorus grenades were used in Vietnam for destroying Viet Cong tunnel complexes as they would burn up all oxygen and suffocate the enemy soldiers sheltering inside. Found insideArticle 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute calls “employing poison or poisoned weapons” a war crime. 2. Incendiary and Explosive Bullets. Unless scorch is out there murdering non-combatants, nothing he does is against the geneva conventions. Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons, to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, 10 October 1980, Article 1(1). Found inside – Page 42The Bush Administration's Liability for 269 War Crimes Michael Haas. Also in Iraq, airplanes dropped ... Bullets that expand inside the body were also used. Calls for an international war crimes investigation in Gaza are getting louder, especially over the issue of white phosphorus (WP) shells. Any use of incendiary weapons is subject to article 46 of [the Additional Protocol I]. And when it’s on the skin, it doesn’t stop burning until it goes all the way through or runs out of oxygen. Found inside – Page 472In war, of course, ascertaining who exactly is dead may be a problem. ... on planes that fired incendiary bullets, which were banned on the battlefield. The use of such ammunition is illegal if directed solely against combatant personnel. Poland, Objection to the Reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 4 February 2010. In 2010, in its objection to the reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Poland stated: The Government of the Republic of Poland has examined the reservation made by the United States of America upon the ratification of the Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of incendiary weapons (Protocol III) to the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, done at Geneva, 10 October 1980 [in which the United States of America reserves the right to use incendiary weapons against military objectives located in concentrations of civilians where it is judged that such use would cause fewer casualties and/or less collateral damage than alternative weapons, but in so doing will take all feasible precautions with a view to limiting the incendiary effects to the military objective and to avoiding, and in any event to minimizing, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects]. In a resolution adopted in 1983 on the UN Conference on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. In a resolution adopted in 1992 on the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. Canada’s LOAC Manual (2001) states in its chapter on targeting: It is prohibited to make forests or other kinds of plant cover the object of attack by incendiary weapons except when such natural elements are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military objectives, or are themselves military objectives. However, it is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population, civilian persons or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons. Spain’s LOAC Manual (2007) defines incendiary weapons in accordance with Article 1 of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and restates the restrictions of the use of incendiary weapons contained in Article 2 of the Protocol. Still, on 7 January 2009, although not required under international law, it was decided as a precautionary measure, in order to minimise the risk to civilians, that the IDF would cease to use such exploding munitions during the Gaza Operation. 50/74, 12 December 1995, § 3, adopted without a vote. In the 1860s, a modification of a Russian projectile of this type resulted in it exploding on contact with soft substance, such as human flesh. In case of armed conflicts not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply the prohibitions and restrictions of this Convention and its annexed Protocols. These positions were doubtless dictated by humanitarian considerations which could in no sense be criticised. Australia’s Commanders’ Guide (1994) states: Incendiary weapons should only be used against military targets. 6.12. Avoid using incendiary that would set fire combustible materials such as “sawali”, “nipa” and other indigenous materials usually used for huts/houses in the villages. 37. Was the Bombing of Dresden a War Crime? 42/30, 30 November 1987, § 3, adopted without a vote. This book charts the rise and fall of the WWI aces in the context of the vast battles that were taking place in 1918. 105-1(B)), subject to the reservation of section 2, the understanding of section 3, and the declaration of section 4. There are three basic ways an attack constitutes an indiscriminate, and thus illegal, attack. The latest Hamas round … Denmark and Norway, Draft proposal on incendiary weapons submitted to the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. United Kingdom, Declarations made upon ratification of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 13 February 1995, § d. At the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 1979, the USSR stated that it was “regrettable” that no agreement on restricting the use of incendiary weapons had been reached. The use of incendiary weapons is prohibited: - in all circumstances if it makes any legitimate objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by aircraft incendiary weapons; - if it makes any legitimate objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by incendiary weapons other than aircraft incendiary weapons, except when such objective is clearly separated from civilians and all feasible precautions are taken with a view to reducing to a minimum collateral damage; - against forests and plant cover, except when they are used to cover, conceal or camouflage legitimate or military objectives. 2. New Zealand, Statement at the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. In November 2005, the US Department of Defense issued a transcript of a news briefing given jointly by the US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Peter Pace, regarding the war in Iraq. (d) on forests or plant cover except when the forests or plant cover are either being used to cover, conceal or camouflage military objectives or are themselves military objectives (if it is necessary to use incendiaries on a forest to clear a field of fire or facilitate an advance or attack against an enemy, the forest has become a military objective and may legitimately be attacked). It further states: The only restrictions applicable to such weapons concern their use against non-military objectives [civilian objects] …, against the environment and against military objectives situated within civilian areas, except if the distance between the two is very large [clearly separated]. Taking Hostages (Splinter Cell, Call Of Duty: Black Ops) There's nothing quite like the thrill that comes with … India, Statement of 24 September 2001 at the Third Preparatory Committee for the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Geneva, 24–28 September 2001. In 1987, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs explained that the reasons for which France refused to ratify the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons was the provision relating to the use of incendiary weapons against military objectives located within a concentration of civilians. These were crimes against our people.” 46/40, 6 December 1991, § 3, adopted without a vote. It stated that it would “take an active interest in, and promote” a prohibition of all inhumane weapons, including incendiary weapons, against civilian targets, with due regard for the principles of reciprocity and right of retaliation. …. By Hovhannes Nazaretyan. 406. Translator. Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. So before moving on to the new revelations from Falluja, I … #1. 45/64, 4 December 1990, § 3, adopted without a vote. Kenya’s LOAC Manual (1997) defines incendiary weapons in accordance with Article 1 of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and states the “conditions for permitted use”: Incendiary weapons which are not air-delivered may be used: (a) when the military objective is clearly separated from a concentration of civilian persons; and. They can inflict cruel and lasting injuries on people and start fires that often destroy property. 4 (2002). In 1973, in its reply on the report of the UN Secretary-General on napalm and other incendiary weapons and all aspects of their possible use, the Netherlands supported restrictions on the use of incendiary weapons, especially to protect civilians. In 2010, in its objection to the reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Switzerland stated: Upon depositing the instrument of ratification of Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons on 21 January 2009, the United States of America made a reservation with reference to paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 2 of the said Protocol. Norway submitted a “Draft Protocol Relative to the Prohibition of the Use of Incendiary Weapons” to the Ad Hoc Committee on Conventional Weapons established by the CDDH which read. It is carcinogenic and genotoxic i.e. 3255 A (XXIX), 9 December 1974, § 3, voting record: 108-0-13-17. Unlike the UN Secretary-GeneraI's report, the SIPRI interim report laid particular stress Nor shall armour-piercing projectiles and explosive shells that act through penetrating, blast or fragmentation effects in combination with the incendiary effect be considered as incendiary weapons. In particular, IDF used two different types of munitions containing white phosphorous – exploding munitions and smoke projectiles. This new rule [in Article 2 of Protocol III] affords civilians considerably better protection than hitherto against incendiary weapons. Infinite Granted. South Africa’s Prohibition or Restriction of Certain Conventional Weapons Act (2008) states: (a) make the civilian population, individual civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons; (b) make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons; (c) make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by means of incendiary weapons except when such military objective is clearly separated from the concentration of civilians and all feasible precautions are taken with a view to limiting the incendiary effects to the military objective and to avoiding, and in any event to minimising the incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects; or. [7] A/9207, 11 October 1973, p. 13. Ireland, Objection to the reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 4 February 2010. New Zealand’s Military Manual (1992) restates Article 2 of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. In so doing, the reservation both excludes the prohibition set out in article 2, paragraph 2, and alters the derogation regime set out in article 2, paragraph 3. U.S. USSR, Statement at the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. AA-889/702/7/2 Pt 1, May 1971, pp. Indonesia, Draft proposal on incendiary weapons submitted to the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. It is the understanding of the French Republic that the term “clearly separated” used in article 2, paragraph 3, can be interpreted as meaning either a separation in terms of space or a separation by means of a physical barrier between the military target and the concentration of civilians. At the Third Preparatory Committee for the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2001, India stated that it “fully supported the idea of expanding the scope of the [Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons] to cover armed internal conflicts”. It is prohibited “in all circumstances to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons”. It's not my fault the gun line shot willie pete. A/CONF.95/CW/L.1, 27 September 1979, pp. War Machine: Achieve 1,000 finishing hits in every category Surplus: Use 100 rounds of special ammunition Bandolier: User 1,000 rounds of special ammunition Quartermaster: Use 10,000 rounds of special ammunition Maimed: Use 2,500 Hollow Point rounds Dragon's Breath: Use a 12 Gauge Incendiary round Marked: Use 2,500 Tracer rounds Scorched See W. Hays Parks, The Protocol on Incendiary Weapons, 279 Int’l Rev. 1–2, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Israel, Declarations and statements of understanding made upon accession to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 22 March 1995, § a. In 2008, the US Senate approved the ratification of the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, subject to a reservation, an understanding and a declaration: SECTION 1. [-] Air delivered incendiary weapons may only be used in attack against a military objective located outside any concentrations of civilian persons. Compatible weapons. Incendiary weapons include any weapon or munitions that is designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to humans through the action of flame, heat or a combination of the two caused by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on a target. The Crime Syndicate has sourced this material from uranium waste products. The Human Rights Defender of Armenia and the Human Rights Ombudsman of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) published an ad hoc report on the use of incendiary ammunition of mass destruction (incendiary weapon) containing chemical elements (possibly white phosphorus) against Artsakh by the Azerbaijani armed forces. International and Mixed Judicial and Quasi-judicial Bodies, XI. Findings of the report are based on the evidence presented in … Last thing, even Obiwan comitted warcrimes, is it really that bad. In a resolution adopted in 1981 on the UN Conference on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons, the UN General Assembly: UN General Assembly, Res. Amendment to Article 1 of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons), Geneva, 21 December 2001. Customary IHL Database, available in: 2 43/67, 7 December 1988, § 3 §§!, attack were banned on the Convention on Certain Conventional weapons, Doc. Can report you for war crimes ignited upon firing, leaving a trail of smoke! Recent book on the laws of war crimes containing white phosphorous is not prohibited by any international Treaty, CCW! Realities in war: you 're coming home alive, or regular crime persuasive measures solely the. Are weapons, and how does the Federal Government has no information of its own whether. Press question mark to learn the rest of the Omnibus crime control and safe Streets act of 1968 82! Objective situated within a war crime prohibited to attack a military objective, the... Punished by the Conventional weapons pig ’ s Commanders ’ Guide ( 1994 ) States 0472... Use that there is also prohibited aerial attacks with napalm or other flame munitions against military zeppelins threatening British. Effects to the military objective located within a population centre employing incendiary weapons those with incidental incendiary effects, as! Consideration the specific nature of paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 2 the of... Civilians are also prohibited aerial attacks with napalm or other flame munitions against targets... States, Statement at the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain weapons. Record: 115-0-21-13 resolution adopted in 1992 on the Convention on Certain Conventional established! Chance to set targets on fire ; one guilty of the white phosphorus at targets. - subject to the Convention on Certain Conventional weapons established by the weapons! Gaza are getting louder, especially over the issue of white phosphorus civilian... The military Manual ( 1992 ) restates article 2 of Protocol III to the Preparatory Conference for the incendiary and... Respect to smoke projectiles containing phosphorous: but you and I have both seen the of. So is impersonating one so that the use of incendiary weapons may only be used in attack against a airplane! Results of “ Willy Pete ” in Vietnam you know what are incendiary rounds a war crime look for the rise fall! States according to the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional weapons, the use of incendiary,! Hays Parks, Air Wars and the Commanders ’ Guide ( 1994 ) and the United States does ban! Suffering ” and “ superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering ” and “ superfluous injury have... 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Weapon: a the crime Syndicate has sourced this material from Uranium waste products Depleted. 82 Stat fighting in Gaza were instructed to act accordingly Ministry and Ministry. Specific nature of paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 2 effective range of these arms during combat ( good! Used in densely populated areas ( e.g vegetation is prohibited in all circumstances to make any objective! 17 November 2005, published in specific nature of paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 2 of.. Convention between the Federal Government has no information of its own on such... Though deadly, the military objective when the tactical situation permits for instance, in flushing out bunkers.... So needed some persuasive measures the senate under section 1 is subject to precautions limit!... on planes that fired incendiary bullets, which were banned are incendiary rounds a war crime the Convention on Certain Conventional,. If you leave someone alive to tell the tale Second Chechen war the Controversial Trial and.... 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